I'll give my long explaination and hopefully it will make some sort of sense...
I'll go ahead and start in Romans 3 (I'll just use Romans and even though it will be long I will do my best not to make it too long so I'm just going to skip some stuff):
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9 Now, we have knowledge that what the law says is for those who are under the law, so that every mouth may be stopped, and all men may be judged by God: 20 Because by the works of the law no man is able to have righteousness in his eyes, for through the law comes the knowledge of sin. 21 But now without the law there is a revelation of the righteousness of God, to which witness is given by the law and the prophets; 22 That is, the righteousness of God through faith in Jesus Christ, to all those who have faith; and one man is not different from another, 23 For all have done wrong and are far from the glory of God; 24 And they may have righteousness put to their credit, freely, by his grace, through the salvation which is in Christ Jesus: 25 Whom God has put forward as the sign of his mercy, through faith, by his blood, to make clear his righteousness when, in his pity, God let the sins of earlier times go without punishment; 26 And to make clear his righteousness now, so that he might himself be upright, and give righteousness to him who has faith in Jesus.
I chose this since it lays out the general concepts that will be touched on in the next parts. Things to note are that the law does not allow for righteousness and well as the ideas of sin, grace and faith.
Then in Romans 4 there's a few more things:
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3 But what does it say in the holy Writings? And Abraham had faith in God, and it was put to his account as righteousness. ... 6 As David says that there is a blessing on the man to whose account God puts righteousness without works, saying, 7 Happy are those who have forgiveness for their wrongdoing, and whose sins are covered. 8 Happy is the man against whom no sin is recorded by the Lord.
Abraham having faith and faith being noted as righteousness is worth remembering as is verse 8 (the basic idea that things are being "recorded" is actually a noteworthy thing here).
So now I'll just start in on verses in Romans 5 that were in the OP:
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12 For this reason, as through one man sin came into the world, and death because of sin, and so death came to all men, because all have done evil: 13 Because, till the law came, sin was in existence, but sin is not put to the account of anyone when there is no law to be broken. 14 But still death had power from Adam till Moses, even over those who had not done wrong like Adam, who is a picture of him who was to come.
Without any laws any sins that anyone may have actually done weren't recorded (v4:8) but since Adam was warned that death would result if the fruit was eaten then people died as a result of his eating from the tree. He argues that sin always existed but also that by one man sin entered the world. In 3:20 he claims that "through the law comes the knowledge of sin" and the only "law" that could be considered to have existed at this point was the mandate to not eat from the tree of knowledge (though YHWH himself never mentions sin until Cain and Abel). Adam broke that "law" and this is when death comes into the world (as per the story). So prior to this even though Adam may have done things that could have been considered sins since there were no laws against them they weren't recorded as sins against him. The same applies to all those who came after him. Unless something was a law then it wasn't recorded as a sin. Death came to everyone universally since everyone did sin and sin causes death whether or not that sin is recorded. Sin is a silent killer like it or not. Law is what determines if those sins get placed on your permanent record.
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15 But the free giving of God is not like the wrongdoing of man. For if, by the wrongdoing of one man death came to numbers of men, much more did the grace of God, and the free giving by the grace of one man, Jesus Christ, come to men. 16 And the free giving has not the same effect as the sin of one: for the effect of one man's sin was punishment by the decision of God, but the free giving had power to give righteousness to wrongdoers in great number. 17 For, if by the wrongdoing of one, death was ruling through the one, much more will those to whom has come the wealth of grace and the giving of righteousness, be ruling in life through the one, even Jesus Christ. 18 So then, as the effect of one act of wrongdoing was that punishment came on all men, even so the effect of one act of righteousness was righteousness of life for all men. 19 Because, as numbers of men became sinners through the wrongdoing of one man, even so will great numbers get righteousness through the keeping of the word of God by one man.
This long section appears to be saying a lot but it's not. It's fairly simple. It says that lots of people died as a result of Adam his actions. But the righteous actions of Jesus will result in everyone now being able to be righteous themselves.
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20 And the law came in addition, to make wrongdoing worse; but where there was much sin, there was much more grace: 21 That, as sin had power in death, so grace might have power through righteousness to eternal life through Jesus Christ our Lord.
He points out the law (most likely the law of Moses from 5:14) makes it worse since, as he's said, it's the law that makes sin something that is known and recordable. This is why Paul doesn't care for the law and sees it as a burden. It only helps to highlight everyone's sins and results in them being recorded against you. This could be bad news during judgment obviously. Looking to v4:3 and how faith is also something that is placed into a person's account as righteousness and how this works with grace it is possible to gain eternal life thanks to the prior actions of Jesus. So if you have lots of faith you are basically "banking" into your account righteousness which can be used to gain grace (or favor) to effectively offset the sins that have been recorded (or likewise "banked"). You can use one to wipeout the other. So it's available to all but not everyone will have enough faith, or righteousness, to gain gods favor and get eternal life.
That's basically it. I don't think I skipped anything vital (and I kept it shorter than I thought I would

).
mwc
This post has been edited by mwc: 08 February 2010 - 07:48 AM
God does not exist. Just ask him yourself.
If you refer to "jesus" as "Yeshua" you are probably a condescending fucktard.
PLEASE NOTE: Just because I speak as if YHWH/jesus exist does not mean they do. It's simply for the sake of the argument.